- Title
- Should We ‘Eat a Rainbow’? An Umbrella Review of the Health Effects of Colorful Bioactive Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables
- Creator
- Blumfield, Michelle; Mayr, Hannah; De Vlieger, Nienke; Abbott, Kylie; Starck, Carlene; Fayet-Moore, Flavia; Marshall, Skye
- Relation
- Molecules Vol. 27, Issue 13, no. 4061
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134061
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2022
- Description
- Health promotion campaigns have advocated for individuals to 'eat a rainbow' of fruits and vegetables (FV). However, the literature has only focused on individual color pigments or individual health outcomes. This umbrella review synthesized the evidence on the health effects of a variety of color-associated bioactive pigments found in FV (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains and chlorophylls), compared to placebo or low intakes. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL was conducted on 20 October 2021, without date limits. Meta-analyzed outcomes were evaluated for certainty via the GRADE system. Risk of bias was assessed using the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine critical appraisal tools. A total of 86 studies were included, 449 meta-analyzed health outcomes, and data from over 37 million participants were identified. A total of 42% of health outcomes were improved by color-associated pigments (91% GRADE rating very low to low). Unique health effects were identified: n = 6 red, n = 10 orange, n = 3 yellow, n = 6 pale yellow, n = 3 white, n = 8 purple/blue and n = 1 green. Health outcomes associated with multiple color pigments were body weight, lipid profile, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, mortality, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Findings show that color-associated FV variety may confer additional benefits to population health beyond total FV intake.
- Subject
- fruit; vegetables; color; health; phytochemicals; carotenoids
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1477498
- Identifier
- uon:49995
- Identifier
- ISSN:1420-3049
- Rights
- © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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